A. LeRoy Westerling

Professor of Management of Complex Systems
Ernest and Julio Gallo Management Program

Chair, Merced Division of the Academic Senate
University of California, Merced
5200 N. Lake Road
Merced, CA 95343
Ph: (209) 756-8793

email: leroy dot westerling at icloud dot com





Outreach

The Guardian - Op Ed: This year's wildfires are bad. Climate change will make future ones worse

The Conversation: Wildfires in West have gotten bigger, more frequent and longer since the 1980s

NOAA: Climate Watch - Climate Challenge: August 2015 sets new record for area burned by wildfire "August 2015 sets new record for area burned by wildfire."

Video: Old Town Mariposa on Central Valley Buzz with Chuck Leonard and Bob Borchard "Fire! Perhaps the word that strikes the most emotion in any resident of these Mountains."

Radio: KPFA UpFront Wildfires and Climate Change

Recorded/Webcast Public Presentations

Schwarzeneggar Institute/CARB/R20: Global Climate Negotiations: Lessons from California 55:08 minutes into the webcast

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Extreme Events in California in the Context of Changing Climate: Presentation on Extreme Weather and Catastrophic Wildfires in California

Recruitment

Graduate Students in the Environmental Systems Graduate Group. I am looking for more Graduate Research Assistants interested in research in applied climatology.


Affiliations

UC Merced
Professor of Management of Complex Systems, School of Engineering.

Sierra Nevada Research Institute
Environmental Systems Graduate Group

Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Principle Investigator, California Applications Program & California Climate Change Center,


Google Scholar Profile

Publications (click for pdf file)
(YEARE indicates expected publication year)
(Name indicates student at time of authorship)

Zak Ratajczak, Kristin H. Braziunas, Werner Rammer, Rupert Seidl, A. LeRoy Westerling, Monica G. Turner. In preparation. Tipping points in Greater Yellowstone forests with increasing wildfire activity.

Samrajya Thapa, Jeffery Jenkins, LeRoy Westerling. in preparation. Perceptions of wildfire risk and management practices in a Sierra Nevada foothills wildland-urban interface

Qingqing Xu, Anthony LeRoy Westerling, Andrew Notohamiprodjo, Christine Wiedinmyer, Joshua J Picotte, Sean A. Parks, Matthew D. Hurteau, Miriam E Marlier, Crystal A. Kolden, Jonathan A. Sam, W. Jonathan Baldwin, Christiana Ade. in review. Wildfire Burn Severity and Emissions Inventory: An example implementation over California

Qingqing Xu, A. LeRoy Westerling, W. Jonathan Baldwin. in review. Spatial and temporal patterns of wildfire burn severity and biomass burning-induced emissions in California

Jonathan A. Sam, Haiganoush K. Preisler, A. LeRoy Westerling , Qingqing Xu , W. Jonathan Baldwin, Benjamin M. Sleeter. in review. Estimation of Burn Severity Fractions in California

Jonathan A. Sam, W. Jonathan Baldwin, A. LeRoy Westerling, Haiganoush K. Preisler, Samrajya B. Thapa, Qingqing Xu, Matthew D. Hurteau, Benjamin M. Sleeter. in review. Simulating burn severity classifications at 30 meters in two forested regions of California

G. M. Jones, E. K. Vraga, P. F. Hessburg, B. M. Collins, M. P. North, J. M. Lydersen, M. D. Hurteau, A. L. Westerling. in review. Prepare for wildfire misinformation.

Gavin M. Jones, Alisa R. Keyser, A. Leroy Westerling, W. Jonathan Baldwin, John J. Keane, Sarah C. Sawyer, John D. J. Clare, R. J. Gutierrez, M. Zachariah Peery (2022) Forest restoration limits megafires and supports species conservation under climate change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment.

Monica G. Turner, Kristin H. Braziunas, Winslow D. Hansen, Tyler J. Hoecker, Werner Rammer, Zak Ratajczak, A. Leroy Westerling, and Rupert Seidl. Accepted. The magnitude, direction and tempo of forest change in Greater Yellowstone in a warmer world with more fire. Ecological Monographs Oct 15:e01485.

Werner Rammer, Kristin H. Braziunas, Winslow D. Hansen, Zak Ratajczak, A. Leroy Westerling, Monica G. Turner, Rupert Seidl. 2021. Widespread regeneration failure in forests of Greater Yellowstone under scenarios of future climate and fire. Global Change Biology27(18):4339-4351.

Abatzoglou, J.T., Juang, C.S., Williams, A.P., Kolden, C.A. and Westerling, A.L., 2021. Increasing synchronous fire danger in forests of the western United States. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(2), p.e2020GL091377.

Scott Stephens, LeRoy Westerling, Matthew Hurteau, M. Zachariah Peery, Courtney A. Schultz, Sally Thompson. 2021. Undesirable outcomes in seasonally dry forests. Front Ecol Environ 19(2), pp.87-88.

Jones, Gutierrez, Block, Carlson, Comfort, Cushman, Davis, Eyes, Franklin, Ganey, Hedwall, Keane, Kelsey, Lesmeister, North, Roberts, Rockweit, Sanderlin, Sawyer, Solevsky, Tempel, Wan, Westerling, White, Peery 2020. Spotted owls and forest fire: Comment. Ecosphere, 11(12).

Scott Stephens, LeRoy Westerling, Matthew Hurteau, M. Zachariah Peery, Courtney A. Schultz, Sally Thompson. 2020. Fire and climate change: Conserving seasonally dry forests is still possible. Front Ecol Environ 18(6), pp.354-360. doi:10.1002/fee.2218

Petersen, A.M., Vincent, E.M. and Westerling, A.L., 2020. Addendum: Discrepancy in scientific authority and media visibility of climate change scientists and contrarians. Nature communications, 11(1), pp.1-3.

Petersen, A.M., Vincent, E., Westerling, A.L. 2019. Discrepancy in scientific authority and media visibility of climate change scientists and contrarians. Nature Communications.

Sleeter, B.M., Marvin, D.C., Cameron, D.R., Selmants, P.C., Westerling, A.L., Kreitler, J., Daniel, C.J., Liu, J. and Wilson, T.S., 2019. Effects of 21st‐century climate, land use, and disturbances on ecosystem carbon balance in California. Global Change Biology, 25(10), pp 3334-3353.

Hurteau, M.D., Liang, S., Westerling, A.L. and Wiedinmyer, C., 2019. Vegetation-fire feedback reduces projected area burned under climate change. Scientific Reports, 9(1), p.2838.

Keyser, A.R. and Westerling, A.L., 2019. Predicting increasing high severity area burned for three forested regions in the western United States using extreme value theory. Forest Ecology and Management, 432, pp.694-706.

Bedsworth, Louise, Dan Cayan, Guido Franco, Leah Fisher, Sonya Ziaja, et al. (California Governor's Office of Planning and Research, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, California Energy Commission, California Public Utilities Commission). 2018. Statewide Summary Report. California's Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: SUM- CCCA4-2018-013.

Franco, Guido, Daniel R. Cayan, David W. Pierce, Anthony L. Westerling, James H. Thorne. (California Energy Commission). 2018. Cumulative Global CO2 Emissions and their Climate Impacts from Local through Regional Scales. California's Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: CCCA4-EXT-2018-007.

Westerling, Anthony Leroy. (University of California, Merced). 2018. Wildfire Simulations for California's Fourth Climate Change Assessment: Projecting Changes in Extreme Wildfire Events with a Warming Climate. California's Fourth Climate Change Assessment, California Energy Commission. Publication Number: CCCA4-CEC-2018- 014.

Liang, S.; Hurteau, M.; Westerling, A.L. 2018 Implementing large-scale restoration treatments increases carbon storage and stability under projected climate-wildfire interactions in the Sierra Nevada. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 16(4): 207-212..

Crockett, J.L., Westerling, A.L., 2018. Greater temperature and precipitation extremes intensify Western US droughts, wildfire severity, and Sierra Nevada tree mortality. Journal of Climate 31(1):341-354. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0254.1 PREPRINT

T. Kitzberger, D.A. Falk, A.L. Westerling, T.W. Swetnam. 2017. Direct and indirect climate controls predict heterogeneous early-mid 21st century wildfire burned area across western and boreal North America. PLOS ONE 12(12): e0188486. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188486

Matlock, T., Coe, C.M., & Westerling, A.L. 2017. Monster wildfires and metaphor in risk communication. Metaphor and Symbol. 32(4), pp.250-261. PREPRINT

Liang, Shuang; Hurteau, Matthew; Westerling, Anthony L. 2017 Potential decline in carbon carrying capacity with changing climate in the Sierra Nevada. Scientific Reports: 7(1), p.2420

Keyser, A.R. & Westerling, A.L. 2017. Climate drives inter-annual variability in probability of high severity fire occurrence in the western United States. Environmental Research Letters. 12: 065003.

Lubetkin, K., Kueppers, L. Westerling, A.L. 2017. Climate and landscape drive conifer encroachment into subalpine meadows in the central Sierra Nevada, California. Ecological Applications. 27(6):1876-1887 doi:10.1002/eap.1574

Liang, Shuang; Hurteau, Matthew; Westerling, Anthony L. 2017. Response of Sierra Nevada forests to projected climate-wildfire interactions. Global Change Biology 23(5): 2016-2030.

Westerling ALR. 2016 Increasing western US forest wildfire activity: sensitivity to changes in the timing of spring. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 371: 20150178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0178 ERRATA

A. LeRoy Westerling 2016. Wildfires in West have gotten bigger, more frequent and longer since the 1980s. The Conversation

A. LeRoy Westerling, Timothy J. Brown, Tania Schoennagel, Thomas W. Swetnam, Monica G. Turner, and Thomas T. Veblen. 2016. Climate and Wildfire in Western US Forests. Chapter 3 in Forest Conservation in the Anthropocene: Science, Policy, and Practice. Edited by V. Alaric Sample, R. Patrick Bixler, and Char Miller. University Press of Colorado. August, 2016. pp 43 - 56.

PREPRINT

Barnosky, A D, Matlock, T, Christensen, J, Han, H, Miles, J, Rice, R E, Westerling, L and White, L 2016 Chapter 9. Establishing Common Ground: Finding Better Ways to Communicate About Climate Disruption. In Special Collection: Bending the Curve: Ten scalable solutions for carbon neutrality and climate stability. Collabra, 2(1): 23, pp. 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/collabra.68

Monica G. Turner, Daniel C. Donato, Winslow D. Hansen, Brian J. Harvey, William H. Romme, and A. LeRoy Westerling. 2016: Climate Change and Novel Disturbance Regimes in National Park Landscapes. Chapter 5 in Science, Conservation and National Parks. Editors: Steven R. Beissinger, David D. Ackerly, Holly Doremus, and Gary E. Machlis. University of Chicago Press. December, 2016.

B.P. Bryant, A.L Westerling 2014: Scenarios for future wildfire risk in California: links between changing demography, land use, climate and wildfire, Environmetrics 25(6):454-471

Westerling, Brown, Schoennagel, Swetnam, Turner, Veblen 2014: Briefing: Climate and Wildfire in Western US Forests, in Sample, V.Alaric and R. Patrick Bixler (eds.). 2014. Forest Conservation and Management in the Anthropocene. General Technical Report. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Research Station.

Hurteau, M.D., A.L. Westerling, C. Wiedinmyer, B.P Bryant 2014: "Projected Effects of Climate and Development On California Wildfire Emissions through 2100," Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 48 2298-2304.

Pierce, D. W., Westerling, A. L., and Oyler, J. 2013: Future humidity trends over the western United States in the CMIP5 global climate models and variable infiltration capacity hydrological modeling system, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1833-1850, doi:10.5194/hess-17-1833-2013, 2013.

Fleishman, Belnap, Cobb, Enquist, Ford, MacDonald, Pellant, Schoennagel, Schmit, Schwartz, Van Drunick, Westerling 2013: "Chapter 8: Natural Ecosystems" In Assessment of Climate Change in the Southwest United States: A Report Prepared for the National Climate Assessment, edited by G. Garfin, A. Jardine, R. Merideth, M. Black and S. LeRoy, 148-167. A report by the Southwest Climate Alliance. Washington DC: Island Press

Bryant, B.P., A.L. Westerling 2012: "Scenarios to Evaluate Long-term Wildfire Risk in California: new methods for considering links between changing demography, land use and climate" Public Interest Energy Research, California Energy Commision, Sacramento, CA.

Westerling, A.L. | S.P. Harrison and P.J. Bartlein 2012: Fire: Are we facing an increase in wildfires? PAGES news, 20(1):24-25. * PAGES Volume 20 homepage * (full issue, low res 15 MB) * (full issue, high res 57.5 MB)

Westerling, A.L., B.P. Bryant, H.K. Preisler, T.P. Holmes, H. Hidalgo, T. Das, and S. Shrestha 2011: "Climate Change and Growth Scenarios for California Wildfire" Climatic Change, 109(s1):445-463.

Westerling, A.L. 2011: "Brevia: Climate Change Could Rapidly Transform Greater Yellowstone Fire Regimes" Mountain Views: The Newsletter of the Consortium for Integrated Climate Research in Western Mountains (CIRMOUNT), 5(2):30-32.

Westerling, A.L., M.G. Turner, E.H. Smithwick, W.H. Romme, M.G. Ryan 2011: "Continued warming could transform Greater Yellowstone fire regimes by mid-21st Century" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(32),13165-13170.

Smithwick, E. A. H., A. L. Westerling, M. G. Turner, W. H. Romme, M. G. Ryan 2011: "Vulnerability of Landscape Carbon Fluxes to Future Climate and Fire in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem." In Questioning Greater YellowstoneÕs Future: Climate, Land Use, and Invasive Species. Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Scientific Conference on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. October 11Ð13, 2010, Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel, Yellowstone National Park. C. Andersen, ed., 191Ð198. Yellowstone National Park, WY, and Laramie, WY: Yellowstone Center for Resources and University of Wyoming William D. Ruckelshaus Institute of Environment and Natural Resources.

Preisler, H.K., A.L. Westerling, K. M. Gebert, F. Munoz-Arriola, T. Holmes 2011: "Spatially explicit forecasts of large wildland fire probability and suppression costs for California" International Journal of Wildland Fire, 20, 508-517.

Westerling, A. L. 2009: "Wildfires," Chapter 8 in Climate Change Science and Policy, Schneider, Mastrandrea, Rosencranz, Kuntz-Duriseti Eds., Island Press. (google books) (color pre-publication draft)

Westerling, A. L. , B. P. Bryant, H. K. Preisler, T.P. Holmes, H. G. Hidalgo, T. Das, S.R. Shrestha 2009: "Climate Change, Growth and California Wildfire" Public Interest Energy Research, California Energy Commision, Sacramento, CA.

Bryant, B. P. and A. L. Westerling 2009: "Potential Effects of Climate Change on Residential Wildfire Risk in California" Public Interest Energy Research, California Energy Commision, Sacramento, CA.

Spracklen, D. V., L. J. Mickley, J. A. Logan, R. C. Hudman, R. Yevich, M. D. Flannigan, A. L. Westerling 2009: "Impacts of climate change from 2000 to 2050 on wildfire activity and carbonaceous aerosol concentrations in the western United States," Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, D20301. doi:10.10292/008JD010966.

Westerling, A. L. 2009: "Los incendios en el oeste de los EEUU y el cambio climatico" Chapter 2 in Prevencion de los Desastres Ambientales: Una reflexion critica, Ruiz de Elvira, Ed. Spanish translation, orignially published in Gallega as Westerling, A. L., 2007: "Os incendios no oeste dos EEUU e o cambio climatico" (see link below).

Littell, J.S., D. McKenzie, D.L. Peterson, A. L. Westerling 2009: "Climate and Ecoprovince Fire Area Burned in Western U.S. Ecoprovinces, 1916-2003," Ecological Applications, 19(4): 1003-1021.

Westerling, A.L., H.G. Hidalgo, D.R. Cayan, T.W. Swetnam 2008: "Warming and Earlier Spring Increases Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity" republished with commentary in Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008-2009. Island Press. Donald Kennedy, Ed. ISBN 1-59726-405-9. Pub. Date: 12/18/2008

Jaffe, D., D. Chand, W. Hafner, A. L. Westerling, D. V. Spracklen 2008: "Influence of Fires on O3 Concentrations in the Western U.S.," Environmental Science and Technology, 42(16), 5885-5891, DOI:10.1021/es800084k.

Westerling, A. L., 2008: "Climatology for Wildfire Management," Chapter 6 in Economics of Forest Disturbance: Wildfires, Storms, and Pests, Series: Forestry Sciences, Vol 79. T.P. Holmes, J.P. Prestemon and K.L. Abt, Eds., XIV, 422 p. Springer. ISBN: 978-1-4020-4369-7

Holmes, T. P., R. J. Hugget and A. L. Westerling, 2008: "Statistical Analysis of Large Wildfires," Chapter 4 Economics of Forest Disturbance: Wildfires, Storms, and Pests, Series: Forestry Sciences, Vol 79. T.P. Holmes, J.P. Prestemon and K.L. Abt, Eds., XIV, 422 p. Springer. ISBN: 978-1-4020-4369-7

Westerling, A. L., 2008: "Climate and Wildfire in the Western United States," California Applications Program White Paper, Climate Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography. NOAA Regional Integrated Science and Assessment Program.

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Corringham, T., A. L. Westerling, B. Morehouse 2008: "Exploring Use of Climate Information in Wildland Fire Management: A Decision Calendar Study, "Journal of Forestry, 106(2): 71-77. * or pdf available on request *

Jaffe, D., W. Hafner, D. Chand, A. L. Westerling, D. V. Spracklen 2008: "Interannual Variations in Wildfire PM2.5 in the Western United States," Environmental Science and Technology, 42: 2812-2818. DOI:10.1021/es702755v

Westerling, A. L. and B. P. Bryant, 2008: "Climate Change and Wildfire in California," Climatic Change, 87: s231-249. DOI:10.1007/s10584-007-9363-z.

Westerling, A. L., 2007: "Os incendios no oeste dos EEUU e o cambio climatico" Chapter 2 in Prevendo os Desastres Ambientais: Unha reflexion critica, Ruiz de Elvira, Ed. Monographias 06: Escola Galega de Administracion Publica, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia. ISBN 9788445344309.

Spracklen, D. V., J. A. Logan, L. J. Mickley, R. J. Park, R. Yevich, A. L. Westerling, and D. Jaffe 2007: "Wildfires drive interannual variability of organic carbon aerosol in the western U.S. in summer," Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L16816. DOI:10.1029/2007GL030037.

Preisler, H.K., and A.L. Westerling 2007: "Statistical Model for Forecasting Monthly Large Wildfire Events in the Western United States" Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 46(7): 1020-1030. DOI: 10.1175/JAM2513.1

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Westerling, A.L., H.G. Hidalgo, D.R. Cayan, T.W. Swetnam 2006: "Warming and Earlier Spring Increases Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity" Science, 313: 940-943. DOI:10.1126/science.1128834 * Online supplement *

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Corringham, T.W., A.L. Westerling B.J. Morehouse, 2006: 'Exploring Use of Climate Information in Wildland Fire Management: A Decision Calendar Study', In: Aguirre-Bravo, C.; Pellicane, Patrick J.; Burns, Denver P.; and Draggan, Sidney, Eds. 2006. Monitoring Science and Technology Symposium: Unifying Knowledge for Sustainability in the Western Hemisphere Proceedings RMRS-P-42CD. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. p. 603-613

Preisler, H.K., and A.L. Westerling 2005: "Estimating Risk Probabilities for Wildland Fires," Proceedings of the 2005 Joint Statistical Meetings, Minneapolis, MN.

Westerling, A.L., D.R. Cayan, T.J. Brown, B.L. Hall and L.G. Riddle 2004: "Climate, Santa Ana Winds and Autumn Wildfires in Southern California," EOS, 85(31): 289,296.

Brown, T.J., B.L. Hall and A.L. Westerling 2004: "The Impact of Twenty-first Century Climate Change on Wildland Fire Danger in the Western United States: An Applications Perspective," Climatic Change, 62: 365-388.

Dettinger, M.D., D.R. Cayan, N.K. Knowles, A.L. Westerling, M.K. Tyree, 2004: "Recent Projections of 21st-Century Climate Change and Watershed Responses in the Sierra Nevada. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-193. Conference proceeding for the Sierra Nevada Science Symposium, Oct 7-10, 2002, Kings Beach, California.

Westerling, A.L. and T.W. Swetnam 2003: "Interannual to Decadal Drought and Wildfire in the Western United States," EOS, 84(49): 545,554-5.

Westerling, A.L., A. Gershunov and D.R. Cayan, 2003: "Statistical Forecasts of the 2003 Western Wildfire Season Using Canonical Correlation Analysis," Experimental Long-Lead Forecast Bulletin, 12(1,2).

Westerling, A.L., T.J. Brown, A. Gershunov, D.R. Cayan and M.D. Dettinger, 2003: "Climate and Wildfire in the Western United States," Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 84(5) 595-604. DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-84-5-595

Westerling, A.L., A. Gershunov, D.R. Cayan and T.P. Barnett, 2002: "Long Lead Statistical Forecasts of Western U.S. Wildfire Area Burned," International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11(3,4) 257-266. DOI: 10.1071/WF02009

Westerling, A.L., A. Gershunov and D.R. Cayan, 2001: "Statistical Forecasts of Western Wildfire Season Severity," Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Fire and Forest Meteorology, Reno, Nevada, November 2001, pp 202-205.

Westerling, A.L., D.R. Cayan, A. Gershunov, M. D. Dettinger and T. J. Brown, 2001: "Statistical Forecast of the 2001 Western Wildfire Season Using Principal Components Regression," Experimental Long-Lead Forecast Bulletin, 10:71-75.

Westerling, A.L., 1992: "Climate Change and Chinese Energy Policy," Journal of Public and International Affairs, 3:71-90.

Education
Ph.D. Economics and International Affairs, January 2000
Joint Degree of the Department of Economics and the Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego. Fields: Environmental Economics, Insurance, Applied Econometrics, Comparative Policy Analysis.
B.A. International Economics/Chinese Studies, December 1987
Department of Economics, University of California, Los Angeles. Fields: International Economics, Development Economics, Finance, Chinese Studies.

Professional Experience

Professor - Management of Complex Systems, University of California, Merced, 2018 - present. Associate Professor - Management, University of California, Merced, 2015 - 2018.

Associate Professor - Environmental Engineering and Geography, University of California, Merced, 2010 - 2015.

Assistant Professor - Environmental Engineering and Geography, University of California, Merced, 2006 - 2010.

Assistant Project Scientist - California Applications Program and the California Climate Change Center, Climate Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, 2004 - 2006. Supported by NOAA's Office of Global Programs, the California Energy Commission, and the USDA Forest Service.

Postgraduate Research Meteorologist - California Applications Program, Climate Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, 2000 - 2004. Supported by NOAA's Office of Global Programs, the Department of Energy's Accelerated Climate Prediction Initiative, and the USDA Forest Service.

Instructor - IRPS Pre-Academic Program, International Career Associates Program, UCSD, Summer 1997 & 1998.

Visiting Researcher - Young Scientist Summer Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, Summer 1996.

Staff Research Associate - California Environmental Technology Center, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, 1994 - 95.

Prevention Effectiveness Summer Intern - Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Summer 1993.

Graduate Student Researcher - Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1992 - 97. PI: Dr. Gordon J. MacDonald.

Assistant General Manager and Associate Editor - Journal of Environment & Development, La Jolla, California, 1991 - 93.

Research Associate - Economic Analysis Corporation, Century City, California, 1989 - 90.

English Instructor - Hangzhou University of Commerce, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China, 1988 - 89.

State Department Summer Intern - Office of Land Transport and Maritime Affairs, Bureau of Economics, U.S. State Department, Washington, D.C., Summer 1987.

Last update: 4 January 2017